The Adhi Masas !

There is another cycle which is controversial. The Metonic Cycle, occurring in 19 years.

 

228 solar months = 235 lunar months

The seven intercalation months are Adhi Masas. Discovery attributed to Meton. fifth Century BCE.

 

It was known to the Rishies and they said " Soorya Samkrama Rahithe Mala masobhidheeyathe " !

The Three Levels of Being !

There are three levels of Being. They are

Doing    - Gross Level
Thinking - Subtle Level

Being     - Unamanifest Level

This can be illustrated by the Bubble Diagram. Like the waves of the Ocean. On the gross level, we find agitations. This is the gross level of Doing. When we go to a deeper level, there is more calmness. This is the Subtle Level of Thinking. When we go still deeper, we find the Unmanifest level, the true level of Being.

The subtlest of all subtle thoughts come from Being. The Rishies and the Yogis know how to tune to this level.

The Science of the Absolute, Geetha, identifies these Three Levels of Being and calls them

Adhi Bhootha - Gross Stae

Adhi Yajna    - Subtle State

Adhyamtika -  Unmanifest State

Adhi Bhootha Ksharo Bhava

Purushaschadi Daivatham

Adhi Yajno ha trameva

Dehe Deha bhritam vara

Aurobindo says " I experienced three  of the four  faculties of the Intuitive Reason, Revealation, Inspiration and Intuition, known to the Rishies as Ila, Saraswathi and Sarama". (The Fourth is Illumination )

In Vedic Symbology,

Revealation is Ila

Inspiration is Saraswathi

Intuition is Sarama

Ila is the Mother of the Lunar Dynasty. Saraswathi is the River of Inspiration flowing from the Supramental Truth Consciousness. And Sarama is the Hound of Heaven.

All Mythology is the adumbration of philosophic verities, Ithahasa   Puranabhyam Vedam Samupa Brimhayeth !

Indian Astronomy prior to the Western

Against the Pingree and the Naugbauer Hypothesis, we have the Dr Raju and Dr Joseph Hypothesis.

According to Western Learning, the first book on Astronomy was the Almagest by Ptolemy. Date 2nd century CE.

There was a text prior to that, the Vedanga Jyothisha by Lagadha. Date 1150 BCE !

Dr Raju vehemently argues, in his "Cultural Foundations of Mathematics", that the Almagest was influenced by Indian sources. Dr Joseph opines that the Indian mathematicians used differential equations, at least 600 years before Newton and Liebniz, in his "Crest of the Peacock, the Non European Roots of Mathematics".

Dennis Duke, of Florida State University, says " We have only to conclude that Ptolemy did not invent the equant. " If Ptolemy did not invent the equant, as Westerners widely believe, then who did ?

"The bisected Indian equant model is pre-Ptolemaic' says he. Other Greek books, prior to Ptoemy, may have influenced Indian Astronomy,says he. Then what are those books, prior to the Almagest, which had influenced the Indian system? The answer is "unknown sources".

Remarks Duke " Indeed, since the very earliest investigation of the Indian models by Western scholars it has been presumed that the models are somehow related to a double epicycle system, with one epicycle accounting for the zodiacal anomaly, and the other accounting for the solar anomaly (retrograde motion) This perception was no doubt reinforced by the tendency of some Indian texts to associate the manda and sighra corrections with an even older Indian tradition of some sort of forceful cords of air tugging at the planet and causing it to move along a concentric deferent . Since our goal in this paper is to investigate the nature of any connection with ancient Greek planetary models, it is only important to accept that the models appear in Indian texts that clearly pre-date any possible Islamic influences, which could, at least in principle, have introduced astronomical elements that Islamic astronomers might have derived from Greek sources. ( "The Equant in India: the Mathematical Basis of Ancient Indian Planetary Models" By Dennis Duke, Florida State University  

Kerala Astronomy, on Argive heights divinely sang !

If the Tropicalists "tropicalise" the Vedic Zodiac ( "which is imported from the West" ), it will go the Gregorian Way. The Vedic Astro Calender will become the Gregorian Calender ( again to be rectified later ! )

We have the Pingree and Van der Werden Hypothesis, the Naugbuer Hypothesis that the multi step algorithms of Indian Astronomy approximated a Greek Planetary Model, an eccentre and epicyclical Model. We have to respect them, as at least they admitted that India has an Astronomy. Not like Thibeau or Whitney who said that the ancient Indians  had no knowledge of Astronomy or Maths, when they saw gigantic calculations like 311.04 trillion year cycles ( Maha Manvantara ) and the Cosmological Cycle (4.32 billion years ). They said these calculations are plagiarised from the Romans and the Greeks!

Dr Carl Sagan opined that while Christians were calculating in thousands, Hindus were calculating in trillions !

The Radius Vector, said Kepler, sweeps out equal areas in equal time. 

Parameswara in the 15th century and Nilakantha in the 16th talked about Vyasardha Manda Karna. Vyasa is Diameter. Vysardha is Radius and Vyasardha Mandakarna is nothing but Radius Vector.

Kepler's Second Law states that

All planets move faster at Perihelion and move slower at Aphelion. That was known to the Indian astronomers. Otherwise they wouldnt have called Aphelion, Mandoccha ( Manda - slow ) and Perihelion, Sheegrocha ( Sheeghra - fast ) !

Let us get the dates of the astronomers

Parameswara - 15th century C E

Nilakanta - 16th

Kepler - 17th

Laplacae - 18th

The Nine Orbital Elements of the Kerala School of Astronomy and Maths, from which planetary longitudes are computed.

Mean longitude of Planet, Graha Madhyama , M
Daily Motion of the Mean Longitude, Madhyama Dina Gathi, Md
Aphelion, Mandoccha, Ap
Daily Motion of Aphelion, Mandoccha Dina Gathi, Apd
Ascending Node, Patha, N
Daily Motion of Ascending Node, Patha Dina Gathi, Nd
Heliocentric Distance, Manda Karna, radius vector, mndk
Maximum Latitude, L, Parama Vikshepa
Eccentricity, Chyuthi,e


In Western Astronomy, we have six orbital elements

Mean Anomaly, m
Argument of Perihelion, w
Eccentricity, e
Ascending Node, N
Inclination, i, inclinent of orbit
Semi Major Axis, a 

Of the Eleventh House, a House of Wealth

The Eleventh House rules Gains and is one of the Houses of Wealth. The 
others being 2,5 and 9, deshveanka.



If the Eleventh lord be
In angles or trines
And if Eleventh be tenanted by malefics
A wealthy man indicated !


If the Eleventh lord be
In House Second
And if Second lord be in Second
Rich man indicated !


If the lords of Second and Eleventh be
In angles or trines favorable
Wealthy the native becomes
Such is Astrology's decree !


If the Eleventh lord be
Powerful, posited in Eleven
This itself is a Regal Yoga
Rich the native becomes !


If House Eleven and the Eleventh lord
Be in Shubhakarthari Yoga
Hemmed in between benefics
Wealthy the native becomes !


If House Eleven and the Eleventh lord
Or the Eleventh lord's dispositor
Be in benefic Navamsas
Rich the native becomes !

If the Navamsa lord of Eleventh lord
Be powerful, angular or trinal
And aspected by the Second lord
Wealthy the native becomes !

If the Trimsamsa lord of Eleventh lord
Be powerful, posited with benefics
And aspected by the Tenth lord
Rich the native becomes !


If the planets mentioned above
Be with malefics and posited
In Trika houses, 6,8 and 12
Native will be devoid of wealth !

If the Eleventh be tenanted
By benefics natural
And if Eleventh lord be angular
Native will have good elder brothers !

If benefics natural be posited
In House Eleventh
Good friends the native will have
Such is Astrology's decree !

If the Eleventh lord be powerful
And if Eleventh is tenanted by benefics
Native will have friends sincere
Thus say the astro wise !

If contrary is the case
Eleventh House and lord weak
Native's friends will be cheats
Thus say the wise !

Bhagya or Fortunate Yogas

The most important House in Astrology is the Ninth House, as it deals with Fortune or Bhagya. It is said that Kunti prayed to the Lord to grant her fortunate children and not scholars or soldiers.



Here we give some verses for Bhagya Yoga.

If the Ninth lord be in
Eleventh and if the lord of 11
Be in House Ninth
Bhagya Yoga indicated !

If all malefics be
In 3, 8 and Eleven
Fortunate the native becomes
Such is Astrology's decree !


The significations of the planets
That tenant the Twelfth
Those significations get fostered
Such is Astrology's decree !

If the lords of 4,7,9 and Venus
Be in Eleventh or Ninth
And receive aspect Saturnine
Fortunate the native becomes !

If the lords of the 4th and Ascendant
Be angular, fortune indicated
During their periods/subperiods
Native enjoys fame and wealth

If a planet be exalted
And is in Fifth or Ninth
Fortunate the native becomes
Such is Astrology's decree !

Swochhopago Bhagy Grihe cha Bhogo
Narasya Jatham Kuruthe cha Lakshmya

If Sun, Mercury and Venus
Tenanth the Lakshmi Sthana
The House Fifth, with Jove in Eleven
Wealth and fame grace the native !

If Sun and the lord of the Ninth
Be in House of Expenditure
The Twelfth, native enjoys
Legacy from father !

If the Sun be exalted in Aries,
Father becomes fortunate
If he be in Libra debilitated
Ill fortune grace father of native !

But if Sagittarius rises
And Sun be debilitated
Native is blessed with wealth
Got as father's legacy!

If Moon be in the Twelfth
Gain from mother indicated !
If Venus be in the Twelfth
Gain from wife indicated !

If Mars be in the Twefth
Gain from brother indicated
Kuje Vyaye Sthitho yasya
Bhrathru bhagyam udheeritham !


If the lords of the Ninth and the Seventh
Be in mutual interchange,parivartana
Native will have gains via wife
And will be self made !

If Jupiter be the lord of the Fifth
And if he be exalted in Cancer
Native's children reach high positions
Such is Astrology's decree !

Kerala astronomers

This is the diagram of Manda Kriya, Reduction to the Heliocentric Coordinate System, given by the equation R e Sin M, where e is eccentricity, R is the Radius of the Circle, M is the Anomaly.

The Manda Anomaly is found out by subtracting Aphelion, Mandoccha from the Mean Longitude.

Mean Longitude - Aphelion = Manda Anomaly.

R = 360/ 2 Pi or 180/Pi or 57.3*60*60 = 206265 seconds or Vikalas.

This amount thus got is added to the mean longitude if ML > 180 and deducted if ML < 180.


The Kerala astronomers predate their Western counterparts, particularly Kepler and Laplace by centuries. In his Thesis " The Model of Planetary Motion in the works of the Kerala astronomers", Prof Ramasubramaniam, Physics Professor, Madurai University observes " In conclusion, it may be noted that there is a vast literature on astronomy, including mathematics, both in Sanskrit and Malayalam produced by the Kerala School during the period 14-19th century. Only a fraction of it has been published and so far only a few studies of these texts have appeared ".

The era and the astronomer

Parameswara   - 15th century
Neelakanta      - 16th century
Kepler                17th
Laplace               18